灏�(du矛)浜庡鏈嶄汉鍝′締(l谩i)璎涳紝鎿佹湁涓€鍊�(g猫)瑕垏鏌旂編鐨勮伈闊筹紝璁撳鎴�(h霉)閫氶亷(gu貌)鑱查煶鎰熻(ju茅)鍒颁綘鑳藉公鍔╀粬锛屾槸瀹㈡湇浜哄摗鍋氬ソ闆昏┍婧濋€氱殑鍩虹(ch菙)锛岄櫎姝や箣澶栵紝鏈夋晥鍦板埄鐢ㄦ彁鍟�(w猫n)鎶€宸э紝鏄鏈嶄汉鍝″仛濂介浕瑭辨簼閫氱殑闂�(gu膩n)閸点€�

寰堝浜鸿獚(r猫n)鐐猴紝鍚戝鎴�(h霉)鎻愬晱(w猫n)椤屾槸鐐轰簡寰楀埌绛旀锛屼絾鏈夌殑鏅�(sh铆)鍊欎笉鏄€傚湪瀹㈡埗(h霉)鏈嶅嫏(w霉)涓緢澶氭彁鍟�(w猫n)鐨勭洰鐨勯兘涓嶆槸鐐轰簡寰楀埌绛旀锛岃€屾槸鐐轰簡娲炲療鐣�(d膩ng)鏅�(sh铆)瀹㈡埗(h霉)鐨勫晱(w猫n)椤岋紝鎻愬晱(w猫n)鐨勭洰鐨勫彧涓嶉亷(gu貌)鏄郸瀹㈡埗(h霉)鎻愪緵涓€绋櫦(f膩)娉勭殑娓犻亾鑰屽凡銆�

鎻愬晱(w猫n)鐨勫ソ铏�

閫氶亷(gu貌)鎻愬晱(w猫n)锛岀洝蹇壘鍒板鎴�(h霉)鎯宠鐨勭瓟妗堬紝浜嗚В瀹㈡埗(h霉)鐨勭湡姝ｉ渶姹傚拰鎯虫硶銆�

閫氶亷(gu貌)鎻愬晱(w猫n)锛岀悊娓呰嚜宸辩殑鎬濊矾銆傞€欏皪(du矛)鏂煎鎴�(h霉)鏈嶅嫏(w霉)浜哄摗鑷抽棞(gu膩n)閲嶈銆�"鎮ㄨ兘鎻忚堪涓€涓嬬暥(d膩ng)鏅�(sh铆)鐨勫叿楂旀儏娉佸棊"?"鎮ㄨ兘璜囦竴涓嬫偍鐨勫笇鏈涖€佹偍鐨勮姹傚棊"?閫欎簺鍟�(w猫n)椤岄兘鏄偤浜嗙悊娓呰嚜宸辩殑鎬濊矾锛岃畵鑷繁娓呮瀹㈡埗(h霉)鎯宠浠€涔堬紝浣犺兘绲︿簣浠€涔堛€�

閫氶亷(gu貌)鎻愬晱(w猫n)锛屽彲浠ヨ畵?xi臎)宓燁劗鐩浕?h霉)閫愭几璁婂緱鐞嗘櫤璧蜂締(l谩i)銆傚鎴�(h霉)寰堟啢鎬掞紝蹇樿鍚戜綘闄宠堪浜嬪(sh铆)锛屽鎴�(h霉)鏈嶅嫏(w霉)浜哄摗鎳�(y墨ng)瑭叉湁鏁堝湴鍒╃敤鎻愬晱(w猫n)鐨勬妧宸э細"鎮ㄤ笉瑕佽憲鎬ワ紝涓€瀹氱郸浣犺В姹哄ソ锛屾偍鍏堣(shu艒)涓€涓嬪叿楂旀槸浠€涔堝晱(w猫n)椤岋紝鏄€庝箞鍥炰簨鍏�?"瀹㈡埗(h霉)閫欐檪(sh铆)灏辨渻(hu矛)灏�(zhu膩n)娉ㄤ簬灏�(du矛)浣犳墍鎻愬晱(w猫n)椤岀殑鍥炵瓟涓娿€傚湪浠栭櫝杩扮殑閬�(gu貌)绋嬩腑锛屾儏绶掑氨鏈�(hu矛)寰炰笉鐞嗘櫤鑰岄€愭几璁婂埉璧蜂締(l谩i)锛岄€欐槸鎻愬晱(w猫n)鐨勭涓夊€�(g猫)濂借檿銆�

瀹㈡湇鏈夋晥鐨勬彁鍟�(w猫n)鎶€宸�

1銆侀嚌灏�(du矛)鎬у晱(w猫n)椤屾槸鎸囦粈涔�?

姣斿瑾�(shu艒)锛屽儚绉诲嫊(d貌ng)鎴栬€呰伅(li谩n)閫�800銆�1860鏈嶅嫏(w霉)鐔辩窔锛屽彲鑳藉鎴�(h霉)鎶曡ù瑾�(shu艒)锛氶枊(k膩i)姗�(j墨)鐨勬檪(sh铆)鍊欙紝鎵嬫(j墨)澹炰簡銆傛垨鑰呰(shu艒)"濮嬬祩淇¤櫉(h脿o)涓嶅ソ锛屾帴鏀朵笉鍒帮紝鎴栬€呬咕鑴嗚灑?z膩i)鐨囬ⅳN椤ず閮芥矑(m茅i)鏈�".閫欏€�(g猫)鏅�(sh铆)鍊欙紝瀹㈡埗(h霉)鏈嶅嫏(w霉)浜哄摗鍙兘鏈�(hu矛)鍟�(w猫n)锛�"閭ｆ偍浠婂ぉ鏃╂櫒闁�(k膩i)姗�(j墨)鐨勬檪(sh铆)鍊欙紝鎮ㄧ殑铻�?z膩i)鐨囬灅棰妯ｅ瓙鐨�?"閫欏€�(g猫)鍟�(w猫n)椤屽氨鏄嚌灏�(du矛)鎬х殑鍟�(w猫n)椤屻€�

閲濆皪(du矛)鎬у晱(w猫n)椤岀殑浣滅敤鏄粈涔堝憿?鑳借畵浣犵嵅寰楃窗(x矛)绡€(ji茅)銆傜暥(d膩ng)涓嶇煡閬撳鎴�(h霉)鐨勭瓟妗堟槸浠€涔堢殑鏅�(sh铆)鍊欐墠浣跨敤锛岄€氶亷(gu貌)鎻愬嚭涓€鏈夐嚌灏�(du矛)鎬х殑鍟�(w猫n)椤岋紝灏遍€欎簺鍟�(w猫n)椤岄€�(j矛n)琛屼簡瑙ｃ€�

2銆侀伕鎿囨€у晱(w猫n)椤屼篃绠楁槸灏侀枆寮忓晱(w猫n)椤岀殑涓€绋€�

灏辨槸瀹㈡埗(h霉)鍙兘鍥炵瓟"鏄�"鎴栬€�"涓嶆槸".閫欑ó鎻愬晱(w猫n)鐢ㄤ締(l谩i)婢勬竻浜嬪(sh铆)鍜屽拰鐧�(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)鍟�(w猫n)椤岋紝涓昏鐨勭洰鐨勬槸婢勬竻浜嬪(sh铆)銆傛瘮濡傝(shu艒)锛�"鎮ㄦ湅鍙嬫墦闆昏┍鏅�(sh铆)锛岄枊(k膩i)姗�(j墨)浜嗗棊?"闁�(k膩i)浜嗘垨鑰呮矑(m茅i)鏈夐枊(k膩i)锛屼篃瑷辨渻(hu矛)瑾�(shu艒)涓嶇煡閬擄紝瀹㈡埗(h霉)鍙兘鍥炵瓟"鏄�"鎴栬€�"涓嶆槸"銆�

3銆佷簡瑙ｆ€у晱(w猫n)椤屾槸鎸囩敤渚�(l谩i)浜嗚В瀹㈡埗(h霉)璩囪▕鐨勪竴浜涙彁鍟�(w猫n)銆�
鍦ㄤ簡瑙ｈ硣瑷婃皯鏅�(sh铆)锛岃娉ㄦ剰鏈夌殑瀹㈡埗(h霉)鏈�(hu矛)姣旇純鍙嶆劅鎻愰€欏€�(g猫)鍟�(w猫n)椤屻€傛瘮濡傝(shu艒)璜(x煤n)锛�"鎮ㄤ粈涔堟檪(sh铆)鍊欒卜(m菐i)鐨�"锛�"鎮ㄧ殑鍫�(b脿o)閵�(xi膩o)鏄粈涔堟檪(sh铆)鍊欓枊(k膩i)鐨勫憖"銆�" 鐣�(d膩ng)鏅�(sh铆)鍫�(b脿o)閵�(xi膩o)闁�(k膩i)鐨勬姮闋槸浠€涔堝憖"銆�"鐣�(d膩ng)鏅�(sh铆)鏄(shu铆)鎺ュ緟鐨勫憖" 绛夌瓑锛屽鎴�(h霉)瑕�(ju茅)寰楀儚鍦ㄦ煡鎴�(h霉)鍙ｃ€� 

浣滅偤瀹㈡埗(h霉)鏈嶅嫏(w霉)浜哄摗锛屾彁閫欎簺鍟�(w猫n)椤岀殑鐩殑鏄偤浜嗕簡瑙ｆ洿澶氱殑璩囪▕锛岄€欎簺璩囪▕灏�(du矛)瀹㈡埗(h霉)鏈嶅嫏(w霉)浜哄摗鏄緢鏈夌敤鐨勩€傚彲鏄鎴�(h霉)鏈夌殑鏅�(sh铆)鍊欎笉鎰挎剰鍥炵瓟锛屾嚩寰楀洖绛斻€�"鎴戞棭蹇樹簡"锛岋紝瀹㈡埗(h霉)鏈�(hu矛)閫欎箞璺熶綘瑾�(shu艒)銆傚洜姝ゅ湪鎻愪簡瑙ｆ€у晱(w猫n)椤岀殑鏅�(sh铆)鍊欙紝涓€瀹氳瑾�(shu艒)鏄庡師鍥� "楹荤叐鍑虹ず涓€涓嬫偍鐨勮韩浠借瓑锛屽洜?y脿n)姗愵€堕緟鎬�?銆�"楹荤叐鎮ㄨ睛鐞嗗叆涓€涓嬪瘑纰硷紝鍥�?y脿n)妞ゎ剼?锛岄€欏彨浜嗚В鎬у晱(w猫n)椤屻€�

4銆佹緞娓呮€у晱(w猫n)椤屾槸鎸囨纰哄湴浜嗚В瀹㈡埗(h霉)鎵€瑾�(shu艒)鐨勫晱(w猫n)椤屾槸浠€涔堛€�

鏈夋檪(sh铆)鍊欐渻(hu矛)澶稿ぇ鍏惰瑾�(shu艒) 璩�(m脿i)鐨勬槸浠€涔堢牬鎵嬫(j墨)鍛€锛岄€氳┍璩�(zh矛)閲忕壒鍒ュ樊锛屾牴鏈伣(t墨ng)涓嶆竻妤氥€傚寳浜湁涓€瀹舵墜姗�(j墨)灏�(zhu膩n)璩�(m脿i)搴�"涓京(f霉)闆昏▕"锛岀稉(j墨ng)甯告敹鍒伴€欑ó闆昏┍銆傞€欐檪(sh铆)瀹㈡埗(h霉)鏈嶅嫏(w霉)浜哄摗锛岄閬歌鎻愭緞娓呮€у晱(w猫n)椤屻€傚洜?y脿n)妲熸暗@鏅�(sh铆)鍊欏苟涓嶇煡閬撳鎴�(h霉)鎵€瑾�(shu艒)鐨勮唱(zh矛)閲忓樊锛屽埌浜嗕粈涔堢▼搴︼紝閫欐檪(sh铆)鍙互鍟�(w猫n)锛�"鎮ㄨ(shu艒)鐨勯€氳┍鏁堟灉寰堝樊锛屾槸浠€涔堟ǎ瀛愶紝鎮ㄨ兘瑭崇窗(x矛)鍦版弿杩颁竴涓嬪棊?鏄竴绋粈涔堟ǎ鐨勫樊?".浜嗚В瀹㈡埗(h霉)鎶曡ù鐨勭湡姝ｇ殑鍘熷洜鏄粈涔堬紝浜嬫厠(t脿i)鏈夊鍤�(y谩n)閲嶏紝閫欏彨婢勬竻鎬у晱(w猫n)椤屻€�

5銆佸緛瑭�(x煤n)鎬у晱(w猫n)椤屾槸鍛婄煡瀹㈡埗(h霉)鍟�(w猫n)椤岀殑鍒濇瑙ｆ焙鏂规銆�

"鎮ㄧ湅鈥︹€� 鈥︹€� 锛熲€濋(l猫i)浼兼柤閫欑ó鍟�(w猫n)椤屽彨鍋氬緛瑭�(x煤n)鎬х殑鍟�(w猫n)椤屻€傜暥(d膩ng)浣犲憡鐭ュ鎴�(h霉)涓€鍊�(g猫)鍒濇瑙ｆ焙鏂规寰岋紝瑕佽畵瀹㈡埗(h霉)鍋氭焙瀹氾紝浠ラ珨鐝�(xi脿n)瀹㈡埗(h霉)鏄�"涓婂笣".姣斿锛屽鎴�(h霉)鎶辨€ㄧ敘(ch菐n)鍝佹湁璩�(zh矛)閲忓晱(w猫n)椤岋紝鑱�(t墨ng)瀹屼粬鐨勯櫝瑷达紝浣犲氨闇€瑕佸憡瑷翠粬涓€鍊�(g猫)瑙ｆ焙鏂规锛�"鎮ㄦ柟渚跨殑瑭憋紝鍙互鎶婃偍鐨勬(j墨)瀛愭嬁閬�(gu貌)渚�(l谩i)锛屽彲鑳介渶瑕佸湪閫欐斁涓€娈垫檪(sh铆)闁撱€�

閫欏氨鏄垜鐨勮В姹烘柟妗�".鍐嶆瘮鏂硅(shu艒)浣犵瓟鎳�(y墨ng)绲﹀鎴�(h霉)鏇存彌锛屽洜?y脿n)妲弽鍑敾钘玅鎵胯鏈熷収(n猫i)鐨勶紝閭ｉ€欏€�(g猫)鏅�(sh铆)鍊欏鎴�(h霉)鏈嶅嫏(w霉)浜哄摗鎬庝箞鍘诲洖绛斿鎴�(h霉)鍛�?鐣�(d膩ng)鐧�(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)纰哄(sh铆)鏈夎唱(zh矛)閲忓晱(w猫n)椤岀殑鏅�(sh铆)鍊欙紝瀹㈡埗(h霉)鏈嶅嫏(w霉)浜哄摗寰€寰€璺熷鎴�(h霉)瑾�(shu艒)锛�"閭ｉ€欐ǎ鍚э紝绲︽偍鎻涗竴鍊�(g猫)鍚с€�

寰堝皯鏈変汉瑾�(shu艒)锛�"鎴�?gu墨)婀嶎寽鑲嗚€嶎儫顚庣函姊㈣━?"鎴栬€呰(shu艒)锛�"骞偍閫€浜嗭紝鎮ㄧ湅閫欐ǎ琛屽棊?".鐐轰粈涔堜粬涓嶈(shu艒)寰屼竴鍙ワ紝鍥�?y脿n)妲燁尌顎旂脊?du矛)鏂硅偗瀹氭渻(hu矛)鍚屾剰鐨勩€傛湁鐨勫鎴�(h霉)鏈嶅嫏(w霉)浜哄摗鍦ㄩ€欏€�(g猫)鏅�(sh铆)鍊欓倓瑕佽〃鐝�(xi脿n)鍑烘槸鏂借垗绲﹀鎴�(h霉)鐨勶紝鎵€浠ュ拷鐣ヤ簡閬�(y霉n)鐢ㄦ€х殑鍟�(w猫n)椤屼締(l谩i)绲�(ji茅)鏉熶綘灏�(du矛)瀹㈡埗(h霉)鐨勬湇鍕�(w霉)銆�

6銆佹湇鍕�(w霉)鎬у晱(w猫n)椤屼篃鏄鎴�(h霉)鏈嶅嫏(w霉)涓潪甯稿皥(zhu膩n)妤�(y猫)鐨勪竴绋彁鍟�(w猫n)銆�

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